KOCH'S POSTULATES

 KOCH'S POSTULATES

• Koch's postulates was developed by ROBERT HERMANN KOCH. 
• He was a German physician (11 December 1843 - 27 May 1910).
•  The Koch's postulates are :-

1. The microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease, but should not be found in healthy organisms .
2. The microorganism must be isolated  from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture. 
3. The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism.
4. The microorganism must be reisolated from the inoculated, diseased experiment host and identified as being  identical to the original specific agent. 

LE cell

 L E CELL

1. It's stand for Lupus Erythematosus cell.
2. LE cell engulfe the neutrophil or macrophage .
3. It has phagocytized the denatured nuclear material of another cell and it is denatured material is an absorbed hematoxylin body.
4. It is also called an LE body.
5. LE cells can be observed in drug-induced lupus.
6. The LE cell was discovered in bone marrow in 1948 by Malcolm McCallum Hargraves.
7.  LE cell is analyzed microscopically.
8. it is also investigated  by flow cytometry.

White Blood Cells

 WHITE BLOOD CELLS 

1. White blood cells also called leukocytes or leucocytes .
2. It is the protector of body against infectious diseases and foreign invaders. 
3. WBCs are produced in the bone marrow by hematopoietic stem cells. 
4. It is available throughout the body including the blood and lymphatic system.
5. White blood cells have nuclei. 
6. The normal white cells count is between 4000 per microlitre to 11000 per microlitre
7. wbcs are approx 1% of the total blood volume in a healthy adult.
8. An increase in the number of leukocytes over the upper limits is called leukocytosis. 
9. A decrease below the lower limit is called leukopenia.
10. Itis found in the Buffy coat, a thin typically white layer of nuclear cells between the sedimented red blood cells and the blood plasma. 

Functions of Blood

Functions of Blood :-

1. Transportation of nutrients.
2. Regulation of body temperature. 
3. Transportation of respiratory gases. 
4. Maintainance of acid base balance. 
5. Regulation of water 💧. 
6. Transportation of hormones, vitamins & salt. 
7. Excretion of waste products. 
8. Defence mechanism. 
9. Coagulation of blood .

Blood

 Blood is a specialised fluid connective tissue which circulate to whole body. 

It has two major components-

a) Cellular elements / Formed elements 

b) Fluid component